How to Prevent Specific User Roles from Logging into WordPress Admin?

In WordPress, when you delete a user, they are permanently deleted and do not go to the trash like posts or pages. There is no built-in way to restore a deleted user from the WordPress admin panel, and as a result, the user’s data is permanently lost. If you want to prevent specific user roles from logging into the WordPress admin instead of deleting their account, then this customization is for you. Such WordPress customizations are especially useful for membership sites, say if a user’s payment fails, their account can be locked rather than deleted, allowing reactivation upon payment.

// Define a constant for the meta key
define('META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED', '_is_account_locked');

/**
 * Lock a user account and terminate active sessions.
 */
function ts_lock_user_account($user_id) {
    if ($user_id > 0) {
        update_user_meta($user_id, META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED, 'yes');
        if (class_exists('WP_Session_Tokens')) {
            WP_Session_Tokens::get_instance($user_id)->destroy_all();
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Unlock a user account.
 */
function ts_unlock_user_account($user_id) {
    if ($user_id > 0) {
        delete_user_meta($user_id, META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED);
    }
}

/**
 * Check if a user's account is locked.
 */
function ts_is_user_account_locked($user_id) {
    return get_user_meta($user_id, META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED, true) === 'yes';
}

/**
 * Add a lock/unlock checkbox in the user profile.
 */
function ts_add_lock_account_checkbox($user) {
    if (!current_user_can('administrator')) return;

    $checked = ts_is_user_account_locked($user->ID) ? 'checked' : '';
    ?>
    <h3>Account Lock</h3>
    <table class="form-table">
        <tr>
            <th><label for="user_account_lock">Lock Account</label></th>
            <td>
                <input type="checkbox" name="<?= META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED ?>" id="user_account_lock" <?= $checked ?>>
                <span>Prevent the user from logging in.</span>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    <?php
}
add_action('edit_user_profile', 'ts_add_lock_account_checkbox');
add_action('show_user_profile', 'ts_add_lock_account_checkbox');

/**
 * Save the lock status when updating a user.
 */
function ts_save_lock_account_status($user_id) {
    if (!current_user_can('administrator')) return;

    if (isset($_POST[META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED])) {
        ts_lock_user_account($user_id);
    } else {
        ts_unlock_user_account($user_id);
    }
}
add_action('edit_user_profile_update', 'ts_save_lock_account_status');
add_action('personal_options_update', 'ts_save_lock_account_status');

/**
 * Prevent locked users from logging in.
 */
function ts_prevent_locked_user_login($user, $username, $password) {
    if ($user instanceof WP_User && ts_is_user_account_locked($user->ID)) {
        return new WP_Error('account_locked', 'Your account has been locked. Contact the administrator.');
    }
    return $user;
}
add_filter('authenticate', 'ts_prevent_locked_user_login', 30, 3);

/**
 * Add a lock icon to the Users admin table.
 */
function ts_add_lock_account_column($columns) {
    $columns[META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED] = '<span class="dashicons dashicons-lock"></span>';
    return $columns;
}
add_filter('manage_users_columns', 'ts_add_lock_account_column');

/**
 * Display the lock icon in the Users admin table.
 */
function ts_display_lock_account_column($value, $column_name, $user_id) {
    if ($column_name === META_IS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED && ts_is_user_account_locked($user_id)) {
        return '<span class="dashicons dashicons-lock" style="color: red;"></span>';
    }
    return $value;
}
add_filter('manage_users_custom_column', 'ts_display_lock_account_column', 10, 3);

Output